How Theories are Applied to a Topic and Research Findings PSYC FPX 4310 assessment 2
How Theories are Applied to a Topic and Research Findings
Theories provide a framework in the neurobiological research of depression, as they help outline the biological mechanisms of the disorder. Among the research cornerstones is the Monoamine Hypothesis by Brown et al. (2023), stating that depression results from the deficiency of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The numerous research studies related to antidepressive drugs like SSRIs and SNRIs result from this theory. With their results, many are revealed on how an improved neurotransmitter availability in the synaptic cleft can relieve patients of their depression symptoms, validating the hypothesis in the process. However, the theory has been criticized because depression was overly simplified and not all patients responded to these treatments so there is still further investigation needed in other biological factors.
This theory of cognitive neurobiology extends the monoamine hypothesis, with emphasis placed more on structural and functional abnormalities within certain areas of the brain that have been implicated in depression. In other words, for example, studies conducted on neuroimaging indicate decreased volume and activity within the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex areas implicated in memory, decision-making, and emotional regulation. Findings from the research indicate that chronic stress and high cortisol levels could impair these structures, therefore contributing to manifestations of depression, such as difficulty in concentrating and emotional deregulation. Furthermore, the findings of amygdalae over-activation reported by some studies are correlated to the increased negative emotional response found in depressed patients. These results further stress the role of depression pathology in brain structure and functions, thus tailoring CBT interventions to the aberrant thought processes that will be targeted.
Another important theory used in the investigation of depression is the Diathesis-Stress Model, which aids in the explanation of how genetic predispositions and environmental stressors might interact. Research studies found that individuals with certain types of genetic variation, for example, 5-HTTLPR in the serotonin transporter gene, are at a higher risk of experiencing depression when adverse life events, such as trauma or chronic stress, occur in their lives. The evidence is supplied by longitudinal studies where such genetic vulnerabilities show heightened responses to emotional stress and interact synergistically between the genetic and environmental factors that trigger episodes of depression. This theory has therefore opened up the understanding beyond merely biological or environmental reasons, leading to a holistic approach to prevention and intervention.
Along with these theories, the focus of attention in recent times has been the Neuroplasticity Hypothesis. According to this theory, depression is associated with impaired neuroplasticity, the process of making new neural connections in the brain. Results from studies indicate that long-term depression is related to decreased levels of BDNF, a protein critical to neuroplasticity. Studies have proven that antidepressants and lifestyle interventions, such as exercise, are known to increase the BDNF levels of individuals, thus improving their mood and cognitive functions. It suggests that non-pharmacological interventions can serve as adjuncts to the existing treatments, targeting the actual biological mechanisms of depression.
Ethical considerations are particularly crucial in applying these theories to the research. Most of the antidepressant studies often involve such vulnerable populations, such as individuals with severe depression and suicidal ideation. Applying these ethical principles, along with informed consent, and the need to minimize harm are all part of these study protocols. For example, in placebo-controlled trials, the need for scientific evidence has to be balanced out with the duty to render proper care to the research participants. Researchers should also make sure that the findings are presented responsibly, avoiding overgeneralization or stigmatization of people with genetic predispositions to depression.
These models are practically applied in producing treatment plans that are suitable to an individual’s preference. The integration of these models, the Diathesis-Stress Model and Neuroplasticity Hypothesis has led to the advancement of precision medicine towards the goal of tailoring interventions according to an individual’s genetic makeup, environmental history, and the structure of the brain. For example, genetic testing studies have identified serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms that can be used to predict an individual’s response to SSRIs, thereby reducing the guesswork in prescribing medications. Similarly, interventions based on neuroplasticity are being refined with insights obtained from neuroimaging studies, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Ethical Principles in Research
Ethical principles form the backbone of research in neurobiology about depression so that the safety of the participants and the integrity of scientific inquiry are protected (Glannon, 2023). The ethical principles that govern the conduct of studies include autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. For example, informed consent is essential for researchers in this field; participants should be adequately informed about the purpose, procedures, possible risks, and benefits of the study. In particular, this is something that plays a vital role in research on depression given the susceptible nature of many participants as a result of their medical condition. Allowing open information and consideration of participant autonomy places that right upon the researchers involved.
Beneficence is the principle in which one maximizes benefit and minimizes harm, a cornerstone of ethical research practices. Research into depression often includes pharmacological treatments or neuroimaging techniques that carry some level of risk, be it physical or psychological (Nemeroff, 2020). Such research should be constructed in such a way that reduces risk factors and ensures adequate care for the participants, as it is the duty of the researcher. As an example, in the placebo-controlled clinical trial with antidepressants, some ethical issues include offering support or treatment alternatives to those under the placebo in case their condition worsens. Last but not least, about beneficence, the critical method is that the study must produce meaningful data contributing to the knowledge on treatment alternatives.
Other fundamentals of ethical research include fairness as in a fair distribution of all the benefits and burdens of conducting research involving all populations. In depression-related studies, this should therefore mean nothing less than making sure no demographic group would be shut out from studies, no women, for instance, no minorities or economically poor people, from participation unless compelling scientific purposes require these exclusions to be carried out. This will also mean the removal of systemic barriers that do not allow diverse groups entry into innovative treatments or participating in studies. Institutional review boards ensure these principles of ethics are followed in the conduct of the research instilling faith and equity within the scientific community. On moral principles, the researchers have to improve care for those with depression but at a point where respect and responsibility are given priority.
Ethical Behaviors in Daily Life
Ethics behaviors in everyday life include acting always with integrity, respect, fairness, and compassion about other people as well as when making decisions (Sutamchai et al., 2019). Such behaviors would mean honesty and openness about what is communicated, respect, and dignity toward every person regardless of the differences between individuals. Ethical behavior: responsible for what is done as in doing right and making repercussions on others and constructing, and doing right in difficult times. For instance, ethically working by granting the opportunity to your peers through distributing resources fairly and making just resolutions of arguments when arguments erupt among yourselves puts a relation of trust.
PSYC FPX 4310 assessment 2 References
Brown, S.-L., Bleich, A., & Van, H. M. (2023). The monoamine hypothesis of depression. Routledge EBooks, 91–128. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315825861-5
Filatova, E. V., Shadrina, M. I., & Slominsky, P. A. (2021). Major depression: One brain, one disease, one set of intertwined processes. Cells, 10(6), 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061283
Fotiadis, P., Parkes, L., Davis, K. A., Satterthwaite, T. D., Shinohara, R. T., & Bassett, D. S. (2024). Structure-function coupling in macroscale human brain networks. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-024-00846-6
